أرشيف transport - الصفحة 2 من 2 - التعليم الاماراتي

السلام عليكم و رحمه الله و بركاته . .

صبحكم / مساكم ربي بالخير ..

تقرير عن تاريخ وسائل النقل لطلاب و طالبات الصف العاشر ..!

اتمنى انكم تستيفيدون منه ..

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Introduction :

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries. History of transport The history of transport evolved with the development of human culture. Long distance walking tracks developed as trade routes in paleolithic times. For most of human history the only forms of transport apart from walking were or transport in small boats. Road transport The first earth tracks were created by humans carrying goods and often followed game trails. Tracks would be naturally created at points of high traffic density. As animals were domesticated, horses, oxen and donkeys became an element in track-creation. With the growth of trade, tracks were often flattened or widened to accommodate animal traffic. Later, the travois, a frame used to drag loads, was developed. Animal-drawn wheeled vehicles probably developed in Sumer in the Ancient Near East in the 4th or 5th millennium BC and spread to Europe and India in the 4th millennium BC and China in about 1200 BC. The Romans had a significant need for good roads to extend and maintain their empire and developed Roman roads . In the Industrial Revolution, John Loudon McAdam (1756-1836) designed the first modern highways, using inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate (macadam), and he embanked roads a few feet higher than the surrounding terrain to cause water to drain away from the surface. With the development of motor transport there was an increased need for hard-topped roads to reduce washways, bogging and dust on both urban and rural roads, originally using cobblestones and wooden paving in major western cities and in the early 20th century tar-bound macadam (tarmac) and concrete paving were extended into the countryside .
The modern history of road transport also involves the development of new vehicles such as new models of horse-drawn vehicles, bicycles, motor cars, motor trucks and electric vehicles.

Maritime transport

In the Stone Age primitive boats developed to permit navigation of rivers and for fishing in rivers and off the coast. It has been argued that boats suitable for a significant sea crossing was necessary for people to reach Australia an estimated 40,000-45,000 years ago. With the development of civilization, bigger vessels were developed both for trade and war. In the Mediterranean, galleys were developed about 3,000 BC. Galleys were eventually rendered obsolete by ocean-going sailing ships, such as the man-of-war, in the late 15th century. In the industrial revolution, first steam ships and later diesel- powered ships were developed. Eventually submarines were developed mainly for military purposes. Meanwhile specialised craft were developed for river and canal transport. Canals were developed in Mesopotamia circa 4000 BC. The Indus Valley Civilization in Pakistan and North India (from circa 2600 BC) had the first canal irrigation system in the world.[1] The longest canal of ancient times was the Grand Canal of China. It is 1794 kilometers (1115 miles) long and was built to carry the Emperor Yang Guang between Beijing and Hangzhou. The project began in 605, although the oldest sections of the canal may have existed since circa 486 BC. Canals were developed in the Middle Ages in Europe in Venice and the Netherlands. Pierre-Paul Riquet began to organise the construction of the 240 km-long Canal du Midi in France in 1665 and it was opened in 1681. In the Industrial Revolution, inland canals were built in England and later the United States before the development of railways. Specialised craft were also developed for fishing and later whaling. after that everyone walked Maritime history also deals with the development of navigation, oceanography, cartography and hydrography.

Rail transport
The history of rail transport dates back nearly 500 years, and includes systems with man or horse power and rails of wood (or occasionally stone). This was usually for moving coal from the mine down to a river, from where it could continue by boat, with a flanged wheel running on a rail. The use of cast iron plates as rails began in the 1760s, and was followed by systems (plateways) where the flange was part of the rail. However, with the introduction of rolled wrought iron rails, these became obsolete.
Modern rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which made use of the steam locomotive, were the first practical form of mechanized land transport, and they remained the primary form of mechanized land transport for the next 100 years.
The history of rail transport also includes the history of rapid transit and arguably monorail history.
Aviation
Humanity’s desire to fly likely dates to the first time man observed birds, an observation illustrated in the legendary story of Daedalus and Icarus. Much of the focus of early research was on imitating birds, but through trial and error, balloons, airships, gliders and eventually aircraft and other types of flying machines were invented. The first generally recognized human flight took place in Paris in 1783. Jean-François Pilâtre de Rozier and Francois d’Arlandes went 5 miles (8 km) in a hot air balloon invented by the Montgolfier brothers.
The Wright brothers made the first sustained, controlled and powered heavier-than-air flight on December 17, 1903.

Conclusion :

Spaceflight
The realistic dream of spaceflight dated back to Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, however Tsiolkovsky wrote in Russian, and this was not widely influential outside Russia. Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard’s publication in 1919 of his paper ‘A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes’; where his application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuelled rockets gave sufficient power that interplanetary travel became possible. This paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth and Wernher Von Braun, later key players in spaceflight.

References:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_transport

http://www.ops.fhwa.dot.gov/aboutus/opstory.htm

و اسال الله التوفيق للجميع ..!

لقراءة ردود و اجابات الأعضاء على هذا الموضوع اضغط هناسبحان الله و بحمده

السلام عليكم ..

تقرير إنقلش عن الترانسبورت , كامل : مقدمة , موضوع , خاتمة , توصيات و مراجع ..
فيه نفحات من تأليفي P: , يعني ما بتحصلون حد مسوي مثله ف الصف X3 ..
إن شا الله مش ناقص ^^

Introduction:

In a physiological sense transport generally means the movement of substances across the membranes of cells.
But at this report you are going to read about one of the technological advancements and scientific achievement that so greatly influence our lifestyle and impact our lives.

Presentation:

Definition of transport

Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road and water. It can be bowered by human, animal put now days it can be powered mechanically. Transport can be owned "Private" or for the verity of people "public".

History of transport:

The first form of transport was, of course, Shank’s pony (the human foot!). However people eventually learned to use animals for transport. Donkeys and horses were probably domesticated between 4,000 and 3,000 BC (obviously the exact date is not known). Camels were domesticated slightly later between 3,000 and 2,000 BC.

Meanwhile about 3,500 BC the wheel was invented in what is now Iraq. At first wheels were made of solid pieces of wood lashed together to form a circle but after 2,000 BC they were made with spokes.
The earliest boats were dug out canoes. People lit a fire on a big log then put it out and dug out the burned wood.

About 3,100 BC the Egyptians invented the sailing boat. They were made of bundles of papyrus reeds tied together. They had simple square sails made of sheets of papyrus or later of linen. However the sail could only be used when sailing in one direction. When traveling against the wind the boat had to be rowed. About 2,700 BC the Egyptians began using wooden ships for trade by sea.

Goods were sometimes transported by pack horse (horses with bags on their sides). Also carriers with covered wagons carried goods and sometimes passengers. However when possible people preferred to transport goods by water. All around England there was a ‘coastal trade’. Goods from one part of the country, such as coal, were taken by sea to other parts.

The thought of flying has been every mankind’s ultimate dream even before airplanes were invented. Before the invention and development, men and women tried to navigate the air by imitating the birds and its wings. They built machines with flapping wings and for some time, the idea worked. However, the flapping wings only worked for a bird-scale than it does at much larger scale to lift man and machine off the ground.

In 1783, few aeronauts discovered the art of uncontrolled flying with air balloons, which harder than expected, it was difficult to navigate and go to one place to the other unless the wind was blowing the desired direction. Until the turn of the 19th century, an English baronet from Yorkshire invented a flying machine with fixed wings, a repulsion system and movable control surface which eventually became the fundamental concept of the airplane. Sir George Cayley built the first true airplane which evolved through time and became the amazing machines that have taken mankind to the edge of space at speed of light.

In 1899, the Wright Brother’s designed their first aircraft, a small biplane glider flown as a kite to test their solution for controlling the aircraft by wing warping; a method of arching the wingtips slightly to control the aircraft’s rolling motion and balance. Over the next three years, Wilbur and Orville Wright would design a series of gliders which would be flown in both unmanned and piloted flights. They went over the earlier works of Cayley, Langley and Otto Lilienthal and soon recognized that the control and navigation would be the most crucial and hardest problem to solve, But at the end they made it.

Forms of transport:

Transport is divided into three forms which are:
1) Land Travel 2) water travel 3) Flight travel.
And I’ll discuss each of them at the coming paragraphs.

Land travel:

A road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel; though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or maintenance. In urban areas roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route.

The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. As of 2022 there were 590 million automobiles worldwide.

The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game trails. The Roman Empire was in need for armies to be able to travel quickly; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay soils. John Loudon Macadam designed the first modern highways of inexpensive paving material of soil and stone aggregate known as macadam during the Industrial Revolution. Coating of cobblestones and wooden paving were popular during the 19th century while tarmac and concrete paving became popular during the 20th.

Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility. Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.
Water travel:

Ship transport is the process of transport by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. A watercraft is a vehicle designed to float on and move across (or under) water. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appearance.

The first craft were probably types of canoes cut out from tree trunks. The colonization of Australia by Indigenous Australians provides indirect but conclusive evidence for the latest date for the invention of ocean-going craft. Early sea transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the two.

In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop fans.
Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping; short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.

Air travel:

Air travel is a form of travel using an airplanes, or a rarely a balloon. People choose this from of travel to travel from country to country, continent to continent, some times for medical emergencies; because this form is the fastest mode of traveling,
You can fly at a private jet, or at your country’s airlines.

The influence of transport on our lives:

Transport is a key necessity for specialization, allowing production and consumption of product to occur at different ways. Transport has throughout history been the gate to expansion; better transport allows more trade and spread of people. Economic growth has always been dependent on increased capacity and more rational transport. But the infrastructure and operation of transport incurs large impact on the land and is the largest drainer of energy, making transport sustainability a major issue.

Modern society dictates a physical distinction between home and work, forcing people to transport themselves to place of work or study, supplemented by the need to temporarily relocate for other daily activities. Passenger transport is also the essence tourism, a mayor part of recreational transport. Commerce needs transport of people to conduct business, either to allow face-to-face communication for important decisions, or to transport specialists from their regular place of work to sites where they are needed. And transport is a major use of energy, burning most of the world’s petroleum; creating air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates and being a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, the fastest growing emission sector. Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles and more use of each vehicle. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport and go to transport electrification and energy efficiency.

By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming. (74%) Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on earth’s air quality, acid rain, smog, and climate change.

Conclusion:

As I said earlier my report discussed the possible ideas about transport, which had two sides a good side and a bad side
Effecting on us and on our environment.
I hope that my report helped you realizing and understanding more about transport.

Recommendations:

– I recommend people to reduce using private forms of transport as possible as they can.
– I recommend all the people of my country to try creating a new ways of travel on each form.
– I recommend you to share the school library with a copy of my report.

Resources:

Web:
– http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport
– http://www.localhistories.org/transport.html

Books:

– Transporting by: Arthur Johns.

إدعوا لي بكل خير -.-"