الوسم: الضمائر

– We use a pronouns instead of a noun when it is clear who or what we are talking about

Ali is a good student. He passes all his tests

نستخدم ضمير المفعول به We use an object pronoun
*
بعد حروف الجر After a preposition .

Do you live near them?
Send the box directly to me.
*
After to and for with verbs like make, give, send, lend, pass, take, show.

The little boy made it for her.

: نستخدم ضمائرالإنعكاسية. Reflexive pronouns are used
للتأكيد for emphasize

Did you do the decorations yourself ?
I did the painting myself.

مع بعض التعابير الخاصة With some special expressions

Help yourself .
Enjoy yourself.
I live by myself. (I live alone)

The relative pronouns are used to join sentences together.

1- نبحث عن كلمة متكررة في الجملة الثانية ثم نبحث عن موقعها.
* فإذا كانت فاعلاً عاقلاً نستعمل who
*وإذا كانت مفعولاً به عاقلاً نستعمل whom و نعرف ذلك بوجود الكلمة بعد الفعل. و إذا كانت غير عاقل نستعمل which .
*أما that فتستخدم بدل أي كلمة من الكلمات السابقة إلا أننا لا نفضل استعمالها في جميع الجمل.
*و إذا كانت للملكية نستعمل كلمةwhose .

Here is the man. The man is a doctor

نحذف كلمةThe man من الجملة الثانية و نضع بدلاً منها who ثم نضع الجملة الثانية بعد الكلمة التي حذفنا مثلها في الجملة الأولى فتصبح:

Here is the man who is a doctor.

Examples:
1) The man came here. The man was a doctor.
The man who was here is a doctor
2) My friend swims well. He lives here.
My friend who lives here swims well.

تستعمل whom لتحل محل المفعول به العاقل و طبعاً نعرف المفعول به بوجوده بعد الفعل. لاحظ المثال التالي

The man came here. I visited him

Examples:
1) The man was working with me. I paid him.
The man whom I paid was working with me.
2) This is the girl. You gave her a flower.
This is the girl whom you gave a flower

He found his book. He lost it yesterday

He found his book which he lost yesterday.

Examples:
1) This is the house. I live in it.
This is the house which I live in.
2) This book is cheap. It is very useful.
This book which is very useful is cheap.

This is the boy. You met her.
This is the boy that (whom) you met.

I have a bird. It sings.
I have a bird that (which) sings

This is the man. His car hit the boy.
This is the man whose car hit the boy.