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In this research paper , we’re going to talk about William Shakespeare . His early life ,his works which were divided in to ; comedies , histories , tragedies and poems and his death.
Do you know who is William Shakespeare ?
He was an English poet and a playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English literature.
That’s what we will talk about in this research wishing that it will be an interesting and a useful research

A bout Shakespeare
The story of William Shakespeare is a tale of towns, start ford and London. He was born and reared in house which has survived by time and tourism .He married to a local girl she wore him three children , one of whom , the only son , died young . in London Shakespeare become a common player in plays, then a popular writer of plays – the most popular in his age. In his last years he passed in a fine house, called New place , he was purchased in his hometown. There, shortly before his death , he drew up a will in which he remembered – in addition to kin– ordinary folks ,start ford neighbours, as well as the collegues , his ‘fellows’, he esteemed most in the king’s troupe. He neglected to mention noble lords, although to one he had in early day dedicated two poems. In start ford, Shakespeare died and was buried seven years later his collected plays were printed in a handsom tolio volume. That event took place in London, which then, as now, was the center of the publishing trade in English.
Early life
William Shakespeare was the son of John Shakespeare, a successful glover and alderman originally from Snitterfield, and Mary Arden, the daughter of an affluent landowning farmer. He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon and baptised on 26 April 1564. His unknown birthday is traditioally observed on 23 April.

This date, which can be traced back to an eighteenth-century scholar’s mistake, has proved appealing because Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616. He was the third eight and the eldest surviving son. Although no attendance records for the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was educated at the King’s New School in Stratford, a free school chartered in 1553, about a quarter of a mile from his home.Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, but the curriculum was dictated by law throughout England, and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammar and the classics. At the age of 18, Shakespeare married the 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court of the Diocese of Worcester issued a marriage licence on 27 November 1582.

Two of Hathaway’s neighbors posted bonds thenext day as surety that there were no impediments to the marriage. The couple may have arranged the ceremony in some haste, since the Worcester chancellor allowed the marriage banns to be read onceinstead of the usual three times. Anne’s pregnancy could have been the reason for this. Six months after the marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, Susanna, who was baptized on 26 May 1583. Twins, son Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later and were baptized on 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried on 11 August 1596. After the birth of the twins, there are few historical traces of Shakespeare until he is mentioned as part of the London theatre scene in 1592. Because of this gap, scholars refer to the years between 1585 and 1592 as Shakespeare’s "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this period have reported many apocryphal stories. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare’s first biographer, recounted a Stratford legend that Shakespeare fled the town for London to escape prosecution for deer poaching. Another eighteenth-century story has Shakespeare starting his theatrical career minding the horses of theatre patrons in London. John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a country schoolmaster. Some twentieth-century scholars have suggeste that Shakespeare may have been employed as a schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton of Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakespeare " in his will. No evidence substantiates such stories other than hearsay collected after his death.

List of works
Classification of the plays

Shakespeare’s works include the 36 plays printed in the First Folio of 1623, listed below according to their folio classification ascomedies, histories and tragedies. Shakespeare did not write every word of the plays attributed to him; and several show signs of collaboration, a common practice at the time. Two plays not included in the First Folio, The Two Noble Kinsmen and Pericles, Prince of Tyre, are now accepted as part of the canon, with scholars agreed that Shakespeare made a major contribution to their composition. No poems were included in the First Folio.In the late nineteenth century, Edward Dowden classified four of the late comedies as romances, and though many scholars prefer to call them tragicomedies, his term is often used. These plays and the associated Two Noble Kinsmen are marked with an asterisk below. In 1896, Frederick S. Boas coined the term "problem plays" to describe four plays: All’s Well That Ends Well, Measure for Measure, Troilus and Cressida and Hamlet. "Dramas as singular in theme and temper cannot be strictly called comedies or tragedies", he wrote. "We may therefore borrow a convenient phrase from the theatre of today and class them together as Shakespeare’s problem plays." The term, much debated and sometimes applied to other plays, remains in use, though Hamlet is definitively classed as a tragedy. The other problem plays are marked below with a double dagger (‡). Plays thought to be only partly written by Shakespeare are marked with a dagger (†) below. Other works occasionally attributed to him are listed as lost plays or apocrypha.

Shakespeare’s Works
Comedies:-
1) All’s Well That Ends Well‡..
2) As You Like It..
3) The Comedy of Errors..
4) Cymbeline..
5) Love’s Labour’s Lost..
6) Measure for Measure‡..
7) The Merchant of Venice..
8) The Merry Wives of Windsor..
9) A Midsummer Night’s Dream..
10) Much Ado About Nothing ..
11) Pericles, Prince of Tyre*†..
12) The Taming of the Shrew..
13) The Tempest..
14) Twelfth Night, or What You Will..
15) The Two Gentlemen of Verona..
16) The Two Noble Kinsmen..
17) The Winter’s Tale..
Histories:-
1) King John
2) Richard II
3) Henry IV, part 1
4) Henry IV, part 2
5) Henry V
6) Henry VI, part 1† [f]
7) Henry VI, part 2
8) Henry VI, part 3
9) Richard III
10) Henry VIII†[g]
Tragedies:-
1) Romeo and Juliet..
2) Coriolanus ..
3) Titus Andronicus† ..
4) Timon of Athens†[i] ..
5) Julius Caesar..
6) Macbeth† [j] ..
7) Hamlet..
8) Troilus and Cressida‡ ..
9) King Lear ..
10) Othello..
11) Antony and Cleopatra..
Poems:-
1) Shakespeare’s Sonnets..
2) Venus and Adonis..
3) The Rape of Lucrece..
4) The Passionate Pilgrim..
5) The Phoenix and the Turtle ..
6) A Lover’s Complaint..
Shakespeare’s death

* تستعمل الضمائر الشخصية كتعويض عن الاسماء في حال الرغبة في عدم تكرار الاسم مرة ثانية . ولا سيما في جملة يذكر فيها الاسم الذي يدور حوله الموضوع مثل "محمد يذهب الى المدرسة كل يوم,هو ياخذ كتبه واقلامة معه الى المدرسة"
*نلاحظ هنا ان موضوع الحديث هو محمد ..لذا ,يجب تجنب تكرار الاسم في الجملة الثانية .ويستعاض عنهبالضمير الشخصي "هو"وهكذا هو الحال مع جميع الضمائر الشخصية الاخري التالية والتي تعتبر جميعها في
محل فاعل.

انا للمفرد المتكلم I

انت للمفرد المخاطب you

هو للمفرد المذكر he

هى للمفرد المونث she

هواو هي لغير العاقل it

انتم للجمع you

نحن للجمع we

هم للجمع they

****************************** ********

الضمائر الشخصية في حالة المفعول به :

ضمير المتكلم في حالتى النصب والخفض me

ك. ضمير مخاطب في محل مفعول به you

هـ ,ضمير النصب والجر للمغرد الغائب him

ـها, خاص بالمفردة الغائبة her

للضمير غير العاقل it

كم, لضمير الجمع انتم you

نا لضمير الجمع نحن us

هم, لضمير الجمع هم them

****************************** ************
الضمائر الشخصية في حالة الملكية :
خاصتي للمفرد المتكلم my"mine

خاصتك للمفرد المخاطب your"yours

خاصته للمفرد الغائب his"his

خاصتها للمفردة الغائب her" hers

خاصته او خاصتها لغير العاقل its

خاصتكم للجمع your" yours

خاصتنا للجمع our"ours

خاصتهم للجمع their"theirs

****************************** *************

هذة فكرة عامة عن الضمائر الشخصية في حالاتها الثلاث .

The Ximen station, one of the stations of Metro Taipei.
The Mumbai-Pune Expressway in India Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.

Transport

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For other uses, see Transport (disambiguation).
"Transportation" redirects here. For other uses, see Transportation (disambiguation).

The Ximen station, one of the stations of Metro Taipei.
The Mumbai-Pune Expressway in India Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the Latin trans ("across") and portare ("to carry"). Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a large broad and important sector of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.

[show]
1 Aspects of transport
2 Modes and categories
3 Transport and communications
4 Transport and land use
5 Transport in cities
6 Transport, energy, and the environment
7 Research
8 See also
9 Footnotes
10 References

Aspects of transport
The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into a triad of infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). The vehicles generally ride on the networks, such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, aircraft. The operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated on the network and the procedures set for this purpose including the legal environment (Laws, Codes, Regulations, etc.) Policies, such as how to finance the system (for example, the use of tolls or gasoline taxes) may be considered part of the operations.

Broadly speaking, the design of networks are the domain of civil engineering and urban planning, the design of vehicles of mechanical engineering and specialized subfields such as nautical engineering and aerospace engineering, and the operations are usually specialized, though might appropriately belong to operations research or systems engineering.

The current term also embraces aircraft with folding the wings that are intended to fold when on the ground. This is usually to ease storage or facilitate transport on, for example, a vehicle trailer or the powered lift connecting the hangar deck of an aircraft carrier to its flight deck. It also embraces aircraft, such as the General Dynamics F-111, Grumman F-14 Tomcat and the Pan via Tornado, which can vary the sweep angle of their wings during flight. These aircraft are termed "variable geometry" aircraft. When the wings of these aircraft are fully swept, usually for high speed cruise, the trailing edges of their wings about the leading edges of their tail planes, giving an impression of a single delta wing if viewed in plan. There are also rare examples of aircraft which can vary the angle of incidence of their wings in flight, such the F-8 Crusader, which are also considered to be "fixed-wing".

Two necessities for all fixed-wing aircraft (as well as rotary-wing aircraft) are air flow over the wings for lifting of the aircraft, and an open area for landing. The majority of aircraft, however, also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and/or passengers. While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm water.

Rail
Main article: Rail transport
Rail transport is the transport of passengers and goods along railways or railroads. A typical railway (or railroad) track consists of two parallel steel (or in older networks, iron) rails, generally anchored perpendicular to beams (termed sleepers or ties) of timber, concrete, or steel to maintain a consistent distance apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are usually then placed on a foundation made of concrete or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast to prevent the track from buckling (bending out of its original configuration) as the ground settles over time beneath and under the weight of the vehicles passing above. The vehicles traveling on the rails are arranged in a train; a series of individual powered or empowered vehicles linked together, displaying markers. These vehicles (referred to, in general, as cars, carriages or wagons) move with much less friction than on rubber tires on a paved road, and the locomotive that pulls the train tends to use energy far more efficiently as a result.

Aecia Express, an American high-speed passenger train In rail transport, a train consists of rail vehicles that move along guides to transport freight or passengers from one place to another. The guide way (permanent way) usually consists of conventional rail tracks, but might also be monorail or maglev. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive, or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains are powered by diesel engines or by electricity supplied by trackside systems. Historically the steam engine was the dominant form of locomotive power through the mid-20th century, but other sources of power (such as horses, rope (or wire), gravity, pneumatics, or gas turbines) are possible.

Automobile
An automobile is a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Different types of automobiles include cars, buses, trucks, and vans. Some include motorcycles in the category, but cars are the most typical automobiles. As of 2022 there were 590 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car for every ten people), of which 170 million in the U.S. (roughly one car for every two people).

The automobile was thought of as an environmental improvement over horses when it was first introduced in the 1890s. Before its introduction, in New York City alone, more than 1,800 tons of manure had to be removed from the streets daily, although the manure was used as natural fertilizer for crops and to build top soil. In 2022, the automobile is recognized as one of the primary sources of world-wide air pollution and a cause of substantial noise pollution and adverse health effects.

English seldom uses the term watercraft to describe any specific individual object (and probably then only as an affectation): rather the term serves to unify the category that ranges from small boats to the largest ships, and also includes the diverse watercraft for which some term even more specific than ship or boat (e.g., canoe, kayak, raft, barge, jet ski) comes to mind first. (Some of these would even be considered at best questionable as examples of boats.)

Ship transport
Main article: Ship transport
Ship transport is the process of moving people, goods, etc. by barge, boat, ship or sailboat over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. This is frequently undertaken for purposes of commerce, recreation or military objectives.

A hybrid of ship transport and road transport is the historic horse-drawn boat. Hybrids of ship transport and air transport are kite surfing and parasailing.

The first craft were probably types of canoes cut out from tree trunks. The colonization of Australia by Indigenous Australians provides indirect but conclusive evidence for the latest date for the invention of ocean-going craft; land bridges linked southeast Asia through most of the Malay Archipelago but a strait had to be crossed to arrive at New Guinea, which was then linked to Australia. Ocean-going craft were required for the colonization to happen.

Interposal transport
Main article: Interposal transport
Interposal freight transport refers to the combination of multiple types of transportation for a single shipment, for instance a shipment in a container may start on a truck in China, travel in a cargo ship over the Pacific Ocean to a port city in the U.S., then travel by train to the East Coast, finally being delivered by a truck.

Transport and communications
Transport and communication are $$$$ substitutes and complements. Though it might be possible that sufficiently advanced communication could substitute for transport, one could telegraph, telephone, fax, or email a customer rather than visiting them in person, it has been found that those modes of communication in fact generate more total interactions, including interpersonal interactions. The growth in transport would be impossible without communication, which is vital for advanced transportation systems, from railroads which want to run trains in two directions on a single track, to air traffic control which requires knowing the ******** of aircraft in the sky. Thus, it has been found that the increase of one generally leads to more of the other.

Too much infrastructure and too much smoothing for maximum vehicle throughput means that in many cities there is too much traffic and many – if not all – of the negative impacts that come with it. It is only in recent years that traditional practices have started to be questioned in many places, and as a result of new types of analysis which bring in a much broader range of skills than those traditionally relied on – spanning such areas as environmental impact analysis, public health, sociologists as well as economists who increasingly are questioning the viability of the old mobility solutions. European cities are leading this transition.

Efficiency
See also: Fuel efficiency in transportation
Another strategy is to make vehicles more efficient, which reduces pollution and waste by reducing the energy use. Electric vehicles use efficient electric motors, but their range is limited by either the extent of the electric transmission system or by the storage capacity of batteries. Electrified public transport generally uses overhead wires or third rails to transmit electricity to vehicles, and is used for $$$$ rail and bus transport. Battery electric vehicles store their electric fuel onboard in a battery pack. Another method is to generate energy using fuel cells, which may eventually be two to five times as efficient as the internal combustion engines currently used in most vehicles. Another effective method is to streamline ground vehicles, which spend up to 75% of their energy on air-resistance, and to reduce their weight. Regenerative braking is possible in all electric vehicles and recaptures the energy normally lost to braking, and is becoming common in rail vehicles. In internal combustion automobiles and buses, regenerative braking is not possible, unless electric vehicle components are also a part of the power train, these are called hybrid electric vehicles.

Walking and bicycling instead of traveling by motorized means also reduces the consumption of fossil fuels. While the use of these two modes generally declines as a given area becomes wealthier, there are some countries (including Denmark, Netherlands, Japan and parts of Germany, Finland and Belgium) where bicycling comprises a significant share of trips. Some cities with particularly high modal shares of cycling are Oulu (25%), Copenhagen (33%) and Groningen (50%). A number of other cities, including London, Paris, New York, Sydney, Bogotá, Chicago and San Francisco are creating networks of bicycle lanes and bicycle paths

There is also a growing movement of drivers who practice ways to increase their MPG and save fuel through driving techniques. They are often referred to as hyper milers. Hyper milers have broken records of fuel efficiency, averaging 109 miles per gallon driving a Prius. In non-hybrid vehicles these techniques are also beneficial. Hyper miler Wayne Girdles can get 59 MPG in a Honda Accord and 30 MPG in an
Acura MDX.