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A mountain is a landform that extends above the surrounding ‎terrain in a limited area. A mountain is generally steeper than a ‎hill, but there is no universally accepted standard definition for the ‎height of a mountain or a hill although a mountain usually has an ‎identifiable summit. Mountains cover 54% of Asia, 36% of North ‎America 25% of Europe 22% of South America 17% of Australia ‎and 3% of Africa As a whole, 24% of the Earth’s land mass is ‎mountainous. 10% of people live in mountainous regions. Most of ‎the world’s rivers are fed from mountain sources, and more than ‎half of humanity depends on mountains for water.‎
The adjective montane is used to describe mountainous areas and ‎things associated with them.‎
‎ Heights
K2 ,8,611 metres (28,251 ft),‎‏ ‏Karakoram Range‏ ‏‎,‎‏ ‏Pakistan.‎
Mountains heights are given as the elevation of the summit above ‎mean sea level. The Himalayas average 5 km above sea level, ‎while the Andes average 4 km. Most other mountain ranges ‎average 2 – 2.5 km. The highest mountain on land is Everest, ‎‎8,848 m (29,029 feet) in the Himalayas
Other definitions of height are possible. The peak that is farthest ‎from the center of the Earth is Chimborazo in Ecuador. At ‎‎6,267 meters above sea level it is not even the tallest peak in the ‎Andes, but because Chimborazo is very close to the equator and ‎the Earth bulges at the equator, it is 2,150 meters further away ‎from the Earth’s center than Everest. The peak that rises farthest ‎from its **** is Mauna Kea on Hawaii, whose peak is over ‎‎9,000 meters above its **** on the floor of the Pacific Ocean.‎
Even though Everest is the highest mountain on Earth today, there ‎have been much taller mountains in the past. During the ‎Precambrian era, the Canadian Shield once had enormous ‎mountains 12,000 meters in height that are now eroded down into ‎rolling hills. These enormous mountains formed by the collision of ‎plate tectonics much like the Himalaya and the Rocky Mountains.‎
At 26 km (‎‏ ‏Fraknoi et al., 2022), the tallest known mountain in the ‎solar system is Olympus Mons, located on Mars and is an ancient ‎volcano. Volcanoes have been known to erupt on other planets and ‎moons in our solar system in our life-times (volcanoes on Venus ‎for example, constantly erupt) and some of them erupt ice instead ‎of lava. Several years ago, the Hale-Bopp telescope recorded the ‎first known live images of a volcano erupting on a moon in our ‎solar system.‎
‎ Characteristics
The altitude of mountains means that the tops exist in higher cold ‎layers of the atmosphere. They are consequently often subject to ‎glaciation and erosion through frost action. This produces the ‎classic mountain peak shape. Some mountains have glacial lakes, ‎created by melting glaciers; for example, there are an estimated ‎‎3,000 in Bhutan.‎

Mount Olympus in Greece.‎
Sufficiently tall mountains have very different climatic conditions ‎at the top than at the ****, and will thus have different life zones at ‎different altitudes on their curves. The plants and animals of a zone ‎are somewhat closed together when the zones above and below are ‎inhospitable, and many unique species occur on mountainsides as ‎an answer. Extreme things are known as sky islands. Tree forests ‎are forests on mountain sides which attract moisture from the trees, ‎creating a unique ecosystem. Very tall mountains may be covered ‎in ice or snow.‎
Mountains are not generally liked for human habitation; the ‎weather is harsher, less water is available, and there is little level ‎ground suitable for agriculture. At very high altitudes, there is less ‎oxygen in the air, and less protection against solar radiation (UV). ‎Acute mountain sickness (caused by hypoxia – a lack of oxygen in ‎the blood) affects over half of lowlanders who spend more than a ‎few hours above 3,500 meters.‎
Most mountains of the world have been left in their natural state, ‎and are today primarily used for recreation. Some mountains are ‎very difficult to climb, and offer spectacular views. Some people ‎therefore enjoy the sport of mountaineering. Mountains are also the ‎site for the sport of downhill skiing. People engaging in these ‎activities often stay at mountain resorts built for the purpose.‎

‎ Geology
The Himalayan mountain range with Mount Everest.‎
A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric ‎plates, either orogenic movement or epeirogenic movement. The ‎compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of igneous ‎matter forces surface rock upwards, creating a landform higher ‎than the surrounding features. The height of the feature makes it ‎either a hill or, if higher and steeper, a mountain. The absolute ‎heights of features termed mountains and hills vary greatly ‎according to an area’s terrain. The major mountains tend to occur ‎in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate boundaries and ‎activity. Mountain creation tends to occur in discrete periods, each ‎referred to as an orogeny. The orogeny may last millions of years, ‎and the uplifted region is being eroded away, producing valley-‎and-peak terrain, even while the uplift is taking place. Two types ‎of mountain are formed depending on how the rock reacts to the ‎tectonic forces – block mountains or fold mountains.‎
The compressional forces in continental collisions may cause the ‎compressed region to thicken, so the upper surface is forced ‎upwards. In order to balance the weight, much of the compressed ‎rock is forced downwards, producing deep "mountain roots". ‎Mountains therefore form downwards as well as upwards (see ‎isostasy). However, in some continental collisions part of one ‎continent may simply override part of the others, crumpling in the ‎process.‎
Some isolated mountains were produced by volcanoes, including ‎many apparently small islands that reach a great height above the ‎ocean floor.‎
Block mountains are created when large areas are widely broken ‎up by faults creating large vertical displacements. This occurrence ‎is fairly common. The uplifted blocks are block mountains or ‎horsts. The intervening dropped blocks are termed graben: these ‎can be small or form extensive rift valley systems. This form of ‎landscape can be seen in East Africa, the Vosges, the Basin and ‎Range province of Western North America and the Rhine valley. ‎These areas often occur when the regional stress is extensional and ‎the crust is thinned.‎
The mid-ocean ridges are often referred to as undersea mountain ‎ranges due to their bathymetric prominence.‎
Where rock does not fault it folds, either symmetrically or ‎asymmetrically. The upfolds are anticlines and the down‏ ‏folds are ‎synclines; in asymmetric folding there may also be recumbent and ‎overturned folds. The Jura mountains are an example of folding. ‎Over time, erosion can bring about an inversion of relief: the soft ‎upthrust rock is worn away so the anticlines are actually lower than ‎the tougher, more compressed rock of the synclines.‎
‎ Local definitions
Some authorities define a mountain as a peak with a topographic ‎prominence over a defined value: for example, according to the ‎Britannica Student Encyclopedia, the term "generally refers to rises ‎over 2,000 feet (610 m)".The Encyclopædia Britannica, on the ‎other hand, does not prescribe any height, merely stating that "the ‎term has no standardized geological meaning".‎
Native Indians believe mountains were created by the land in order ‎to give them perspective on their placement in the universe, or on ‎the "land" as they call it.‎
‎ United Kingdom
In England and Wales the Department for Environment, Food and ‎Rural Affairs has defined "mountain" (as a mass noun) as all land ‎over 600 meters, for the purposes of right to roam legislation. This ‎is a close metric *****alent of 2,000 feet (610 m). The Land ‎Reform (Scotland) Act 2022 does not appear to draw this ‎distinction, and in Scotland the term "mountain" is more ‎subjective, often being used for hills exceeding 3,000 feet (914.4 ‎m) listed as Munros. In the United Kingdom the term "hill" is ‎commonly used for all hills and mountains, regardless of height.‎

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